What is empty sella syndrome?
Empty sella syndrome (ESS) is a rare condition that affects the sella turcica – a large bony structure which surrounds the pituitary gland.
The pituitary gland is an important part of the brain that regulates the release of hormones.
In ESS, the sella turcica structure is filled with spinal fluid that obstructs the functions of the pituitary gland.
There are two types of empty sella syndrome – Primary ESS and Secondary ESS .
In primary ESS , the sella turcica looks “empty” in X-ray scans. It appears to be more common in women with high blood pressure and obesity.
Secondary ESS occurs when there is a reduction in size of the pituitary gland.
What causes empty sella syndrome?
The exact cause of ESS is still unknown. However, there are several theories regarding the origin of the condition.
Primary ESS is believed to originate from small anatomical defects in the sella turcica, which results in the build-up of cerebral fluid.
Secondary ESS is thought to be caused by genetic mutations, injuries, radiation therapy and surgery, which lead to a reduction in the size of the pituitary gland.
There is currently no cure for ESS . The syndrome is not life-threatening and treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Some therapy methods include surgery to prevent the leakage of cerebral fluid into the sella turcica and pain medications like Ibuprofen to reduce headaches.
Symptoms of empty sella syndrome
Both types of ESS result in not life-threatening symptoms, which can vary in intensity depending on the individual.
The 3 main symptoms of empty sella syndrome include:
- Headaches
- Low sex drive
- Erectile dysfunction
Additionally, some rare symptoms of secondary ESS can occur, which include:
- Ceasing of menstrual periods
- Fatigue
- Mood disturbance
- Infertility
- Low tolerance to stress and infection
If hormonal imbalances occur, hormone replacement therapy may be necessary. Regular monitoring by a healthcare professional is typically recommended.
